Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. The traditional electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries is a combination of 1 M LiPF 6 with a cyclic carbonate-based solvent (for example, ethylene carbonate). The lack of a suitable alternative solvent has hindered further exploration of new functional electrolytes. Here we design and synthesize a fluorinated cyclic phosphate solvent, 2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane 2-oxide (TFEP), for use in lithium-ion batteries. Our design rationale is that this solvent molecule has a fused chemical structure of cyclic carbonates that can form a stable solid electrolyte interphase and organic phosphates that can trap hydrogen radicals and prevent combustion. An electrolyte formula composed of 0.95 M LiN(SO 2 F) 2 in TFEP/2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate shows excellent non-flammability with zero self-extinguishing time and enables the highly stable operation of graphite anodes (~0.1 V versus lithium) and high-voltage LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 cathodes (~4.7 V versus lithium), and thereby outperforms traditional electrolytes. This work opens up new frontiers in electrolyte developments towards safe lithium-ion batteries with higher energy densities. 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Author information Authors and Affiliations Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Qifeng Zheng, Yuki Yamada, Seongjae Ko, Yun-Yang Lee, Kijae Kim & Atsuo Yamada Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Qifeng Zheng, Yuki Yamada, Seongjae Ko, Yun-Yang Lee, Kijae Kim & Atsuo Yamada Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts &Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Yuki Yamada & Atsuo Yamada Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts &Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Yuki Yamada & Atsuo Yamada Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Rui Shang & Eiichi Nakamura Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Rui Shang & Eiichi Nakamura Qifeng Zheng View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Yuki Yamada View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Rui Shang View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Seongjae Ko View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Yun-Yang Lee View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Kijae Kim View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Eiichi Nakamura View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Atsuo Yamada View author publications Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar Search author on: PubMed Google Scholar A.Y. and E.N. conceived and directed the project. Q.Z., Y.Y. and R.S. proposed the concept and designed the experiments. Q.Z. performed the experiments and analysed the data. S.K. performed the XPS measurements. Y.L. conducted the DFT calculations. K.K. performed the electrochemical impedance measurements. All the authors contributed to the discussion. Q.Z., Y.Y. and A.Y. wrote the manuscript, and all the authors contributed to editing the manuscript. Corresponding authors Correspondence to Eiichi Nakamura or Atsuo Yamada . Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors have submitted a patent on this work with JP application No. 2020-24251. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information Supplementary Information (download PDF ) Supplementary Figs. 1–20 and Table 1. Supplementary Video 1 (download MP4 ) Flammable test for the electrolyte of 1 M LiPF 6 in EC/DMC. Supplementary Video 2 (download MP4 ) Flammable test for the electrolyte of 0.98 M LiFSI in FEMC. Supplementary Video 3 (download MP4 ) Flammable test for the electrolyte of 0.95 M LiFSI in TFEP/FEMC. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Zheng, Q., Yamada, Y., Shang, R. et al. A cyclic phosphate-based battery electrolyte for high voltage and safe operation. Nat Energy 5 , 291–298 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0567-z Download citation Received : 20 November 2019 Received : 20 November 2019 Accepted : 27 January 2020 Accepted : 27 January 2020 Published : 02 March 2020 Published : 02 March 2020 Version of record : 02 March 2020 Version of record : 02 March 2020 Issue date : April 2020 Issue date : April 2020 DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0567-z DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0567-z Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Explore articles by subject Guide to authors Editorial policies Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.